Shugyo
Shugyo es un concepto fundamental para los practicantes de artes marciales. Su escritura está compuesta por dos kanji, por un lado Shu (修 practica ascetica o disciplina) que tiene su raíz en la palabra sánscrita sadhana, la cual se puede interpretar como aplicar la mente y la inteligencia de forma habilidosa para lograr un objetivo espiritual y gyo (行 viaje o conducta).
El shugyo puede ser definido de diferentes maneras:
1- Entrenamiento espiritual.
2- Proceso de riguroso entrenamiento que tiene como propósito forjar la mente, el cuerpo y la técnica del practicante.
3- Búsqueda del conocimiento.
4- Camino, viaje o evolución hacia el crecimiento personal o hacia la auto superación.
Todas estas formas de referirse al shugyo son correctas.
En el período de guerra civil de Japón (Sengoku Jidai 1467 – 1615) era común que para concluir su instrucción los samurai de cada clan realizaran un viaje solitario a través de las diferentes provincias. Recorrían los distintos dojo de clanes aliados y enemigos pidiendo que se les permitiera entrenar. Buscaban de este modo probarse a si mismos para llevar su conocimiento marcial al nivel más alto que les fuera posible. Esto es denominado musha shugyo (武者修行 entrenamiento o peregrinaje del guerrero).
En épocas más pacíficas, donde surgieron muchos de los más famosos maestros de bugei (武芸 artes marciales), los shugyosha (修行者 persona que practica el shugyo) recorrían el país batiéndose a duelo y buscando oponentes que los ayudaran a perfeccionar su arte. Estamos acostumbrados en occidente a ver esta etapa del Japón representada en las películas de samurais conocidas como chanbara (チャンバラ).
La historia de vida del famoso espadachin Miyamoto Musashi es un gran ejemplo de lo que implica un musha shugyo. Pueden verse las películas de época actuadas por Toshiro Mifune, leer las novelas del escritor Eishi Yoshikawa o el manga Vagabond de Takehiko Inoue para entender mejor en que consistió el viaje y la transformación de Musashi.
El shugyo podía ser también un viaje de estudio interno y personal con un objetivo puntual. Tal fue el caso de Takagi Oriemon, fundador de la escuela Takagi Yoshin ryu, que tras perder un duelo amistoso con un reconocido esgrimista viajo al monte Kurama para encontrar el porqué de su derrota. En estos casos el shugyo consistía en una reclusión por tiempo indeterminado en las montañas. El bugeisha (武芸者 – practicante de artes marciales) se aislaba absolutamente de todo y meditaba sobre aquello que lo había hecho fallar. Al mismo tiempo se abocaba a un riguroso entrenamiento físico y mental para mejorar su técnica.
Takagi Oriemon después de pasar por este proceso, bajó de la montaña y en un nuevo encuentro logró derrotar a su oponente.
Para el budismo zen o para el shugendo el término puede traducirse como “entrenamiento austero”. Hoy en día, al igual que antaño, es así como muchos monjes practican el shugyo. Realizan larguísimas caminatas por las montañas de Japón, casi sin recursos, mas que sus sandalias y las ropas que llevan puestas, fundiéndose en la naturaleza y practicando la observación.
Podemos decir entonces que el shugyo para un artista marcial es un viaje de reflexión y aprendizaje tanto externo como interno (físico – mental), en el cual se utiliza la técnica marcial como herramienta para transformarse a si mismo.
El camino de las artes marciales no tiene fin. Como practicante uno está constantemente persiguiendo un objetivo, generalmente técnico o físico. Estos objetivos en realidad son ilusorios, los mismos desaparecen automáticamente al ser alcanzados y son reemplazados por nuevos objetivos. Este es un ciclo que no termina nunca, como el enso (円相) que para el budismo zen se representa con un círculo.
No hay que pensar entonces que lo importante es alcanzar el objetivo, sino muy por el contrario darse cuenta que lo fundamental es transitar la senda y que el simple hecho de recorrer ese camino es lo que produce la transformación en nosotros.
Los objetivos sirven para tener un rumbo claro hacia el cual dirigirse.
Podemos citar una anécdota que varias veces ha contado el escritor Eduardo Galeano para comprender esta idea. En una conferencia en la que se encontraba con el cineasta argentino Fernando Birri un estudiante les preguntó, ¿Para que sirven las utopías? a lo que Birri contestó:
“La utopía está en el horizonte, yo se muy bien que nunca la alcanzaré, que si yo camino diez pasos ella se alejara diez pasos. Cuanto más la busque menos la encontraré, porque ella se va alejando a medida que yo me acerco. ¿Para qué sirve la utopía entonces? Pues la utopía sirve para eso, para caminar.”
Bugei (武芸 artes marciales) es en realidad una forma de transitar la vida. Es una disciplina que nos ayuda a encontrar el equilibrio y el auto control. No es poco teniendo en cuenta la violencia y la alienación a la que el mundo moderno nos somete. A través de la práctica aprendemos a educar nuestras emociones y a mejorar los peores aspectos de nosotros mismos. Es por eso que una vez que se comienza el entrenamiento, si uno quiere disfrutar de sus beneficios, no puede abandonarse. Practicar bugei es como comer, dormir o respirar, es una práctica que debe ser realizada de forma permanente.
Cuando un practicante comienza su entrenamiento en el dojo, acaba de comenzar su shugyo.
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